After offering an overview of some of the main themes of Popper’s political thought, the paper argues that his account faces two PROBLEMS relating to institutions. The first is that while Popper stresses the ‘rational unity of mankind’, and the potential for any of us to furnish criticisms of public policy, it is not clear what institutional means currently exist for this to enable this to take place. Second, Popper has stressed the conjectural character of even our best theories. However, at any point, some theories will have fared better in the face of criticism than others, and they may give us important information about constraints on our actions. At the same time, as ordinary citizens we may not be in a good position to understand the theories in question, let alone appraise the state of the specialised discussion of them. There is, it is suggested, a case for thinking of ways to institutionally entrench such fallible theories, especially in the current setting in which social media play an important role

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of selected psychological interventions on reducing the competitive State anxiety of athletes of Kermanshah. Current study was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test and random replacement. 90 people were selected by accessible sampling in two experimental and control groups. The educational package was performed through 12 ninety-minutes sessions on the experimental group. Information collecting tool was Competitive State Anxiety Inventory. statistical analysis was descriptive statistics and analysis of mancova whit using SPSS 22 program. Covariance showed that psychological interventions has reduced competitive State anxiety of experimental group athletes(p.

The relation between human notion and religious notions is found in the earliest human societies: it may even go back as far as mans start talking. This topic is discussed by different schools and scientists. During the years 1126-1196 AD. Ibne Roshd and Ibne Meymun refered to the relation between individual and his faith. The same notions were raised eight hunderd years later in 1902-1987 by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslo, the founders of humanism. It is interesting to note that what these scholars say are already deal with in the different verses of Quran, for instance, in one occasion the Holy Quran states the man has such capability as to reach the highest stages of development. Man could get to such a stage of development as to satisfy his God and to arrive at heaven beside other guests of God. This is belived by Ibne Meymun as well. This paper, then, deals with the humanistic psychology and transpersonal psychology and refers to the notions of Anderas Angelia, and Abraham Mazlo and Carl Rogers. Then there is a comparison between Angelia personality models and the views of other scholars.

The purpose of this investigation was to compare health - related quality of life (HRQL)between active and sedentary lecturers in Sabzevar Universities. Sample include 103 subjects (femal: N=21, male: N=82) that were selected from among the volunteers. Considering the subjects physical activity level and amount of exercise per week, we placed them in an active group (N=34) and a sedentary group (N=69). HRQL was estimated using a Health - related quality of life questionnaire (SF- 36) The data was analyzed by U- mann whitnery. Results indicated that physical activity limitation and pain were significantly lower in active subjects,compared to sedentary subjects ( P

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between Organizational health, Job engagement and Innovative organizational climate with PSYCOLOGICAL empoverment in employees of Ahvaz. The sample of research included 400 subjects who were selected through stratified random sampling procedure based on Morgan table. For the measurement of the variable, Tamiminejad organizational health scale, Salanova and Schaufeli job engagement questionnaire, Cigel and Kaumer innovative organizational climate questionnaire and Spreitzer PSYCOLOGICAL empoverment questionnaire were used. The current research was correlation, and the data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multi-variant regression. The results at the p<O.OOOI level it showed that there were a meaningful relationship between organizational health, job engagement and innovative organizational climate, with psychological empoverment. Also regression showed job engagement and organizational health were predictive variables concerned with psychological empoverment.

The focus of this study is primarily on “the discrepancy in mentality as an important factor affecting family PROBLEMS and divorce”. For this purpose, some minor studies were conducted each of which experimentally examined different aspects of mental discrepancy in Iranian families. Almost all of these studies showed that permanent disputes and divorces resulted from the differences in their world-views, thinkings, and impressions in their mutual affairs. At last, the theory of Homogamy with two major revisions were used to explain the reasons and causes of family PROBLEMS and divorce which were confirmed in minor studies and cases.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of Ryff’ s six-model of PSYCOLOGICAL well-being in social studies textbooks of elementray schools. The method of this descriptive research is content analysis. The informative community of this research includes four volumes of elementary school textbooks which were taught in the academic year of (2009-2010). The tools of this research are the content analysis form according to the Ryff’ s six-model of PSYCOLOGICAL well-being scale. After identifying the desired models as criteria of analysis and determining the clause, questions and pictures of each lesson of the textbooks were used to analyze the content of the text, questions and images of the books by using the technique of William Rumi. The results showed that the level of paying attention to the Ryff ‘ s six-model of PSYCOLOGICAL well-being in social studies textbooks of elementary schools was lower than the average. ( engagement coefficient less than 1) In terms of paying more attention to Ryff’ s six-model of PSYCOLOGICAL well-being in social studies textbooks of elementary schools need to be fundamentally revised and edited. Among the mentioned textbooks, the third grade social studies book with a conflict coefficient of 0. 52 has the lowest engagement coefficient and the sixth grade social studies textbook with 0. 83 has the highest engagement coefficient. In addition, the level of paying attention to the Ryff’ s six-model of PSYCOLOGICAL well-being in social studies textbooks of elementary schools is not balanced.

Background and Objective: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and progressive disease of the central nervous system that severely affects the individuals' physical health and psychological well-being. This study aimed to investigate the effect of acceptance-commitment therapy on the resilience and psychological well-being of women with MS in Hamadan Province, Iran. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted based on a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of women with MS in Hamadan, Iran. In total, 40 women were randomly selected and randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control (20 cases per group). The intervention group participated in eight 90-min sessions of virtual acceptance-commitment group therapy (one session per week). On the other hand, the control group received no intervention. The resilience and psychological well-being of the both groups were measured before and after the intervention using ConnorDavidson Resilience Scale and Ryff Scale of Psychological Well-Being, followed by analysis of covariance. Regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient were used after ensuring that the statistical assumptions were met. Results: The mean values of resilience in the intervention and control groups at pretest were obtained at 43. 33± 3. 16 and 43. 80± 3. 53 (P>0. 05), and the corresponding values were determined at 53. 13± 2. 85 and 43. 47± 4. 05 (P<0. 05) at the posttest, respectively. Furthermore, the mean values of the psychological well-being in the intervention and control groups at pretest were calculated at 119. 38± 7. 59 and 94. 07± 7. 36 (P>0. 05), and the corresponding values were 163. 67± 10. 96 and 94. 97± 9. 63 (P<0. 05) at the posttest, respectively. This indicated a significant difference between the intervention and control groups. Conclusion: The results showed that the acceptance-commitment therapy increased the resilience and psychological well-being of the patients with MS.